@article {bershtein2017bridging, title = {Bridging the physical scales in evolutionary biology: from protein sequence space to fitness of organisms and populations}, journal = {Current Opinion in Structural Biology}, volume = {42}, year = {2017}, month = {31 October 2016}, pages = {31{\textendash}40}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Bridging the gap between the molecular properties of proteins and organismal/population fitness is essential for understanding evolutionary processes. This task requires the integration of the several physical scales of biological organization, each defined by a distinct set of mechanisms and constraints, into a single unifying model. The\ molecular\ scale is dominated by the constraints imposed by the physico-chemical properties of proteins and their substrates, which give rise to trade-offs and epistatic (non-additive) effects of mutations. At the\ systems\ scale, biological networks modulate protein expression and can either buffer or enhance the fitness effects of mutations. The\ population\ scale is influenced by the mutational input, selection regimes, and stochastic changes affecting the size and structure of populations, which eventually determine the evolutionary fate of mutations. Here, we summarize the recent advances in theory, computer simulations, and experiments that advance our understanding of the links between various physical scales in biology.

}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0959440X16301762}, author = {Shimon Bershtein and Adrian W.R. Serohijos and Shakhnovich, EugeneI.} }